[52] Plutarch, instead, thought that Perpenna was motivated by ambition. The consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, canvassing for the command of the Third Mithridatic War, believing that it would bring glory with little difficulty and fearing that Pompey would leave the Sertorian War to take on the Mithridatic one, ensured that the money was sent to keep Pompey. In a civil war (88â87) between the rival generals Lucius Sulla and Gaius Marius, Strabo defied Sulla and favoured the Marians and a fellow general. He thrust a sword into Pompey, and then Achillas and Savius stabbed him with daggers. In 69 or 68 bce Caesar was elected quaestor (the first rung on the Roman political ladder). However, Caesar placed six select cohorts at the rear to stop this cavalry. Curio went to Rome with a letter Caesar wrote to the senate and gave it to the two newly elected consuls, Gaius Claudius Marcellus and Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus. Seager, R., Pompey the Great: A Political Biography, Wiley-Blackwell; 2nd edition, 2002; Southern, P., Pompey the Great: Caesar's Friend and Foe, The History Press, 2003; This page was last edited on 5 March 2021, at 22:31. Pompey did not react, but Crassus "clasped him by the hand" and said that it was not humiliating for him to take the first step of goodwill. Sertorius's guerrilla tactics wore down the Sullans in Hispania; he even drove the proconsul Metellus Pius from his province of Hispania Ulterior. Together, these three men could break the resistance of the optimates. Caesar quickly took the neighboring town of Sulmo, garrisoned by seven cohorts. After seventeen tribes had voted in favor of the motion, Trebellius backed down, keeping his office, but forced into silence. His troops, however, found out his plans, seized Domitius as he was trying to escape, and took him to Caesar, who let Domitius go and even let him take his money with him. This was because he had "helped Antiochus or Tigranes before him. However, he was outnumbered, and Pompey sent a large cavalry force to outflank Caesar's troops, which made Caesar withdraw and give up the siege. Pompey encamped at Jericho, where Aristobulus went to see him, promising to give him money, and received him into Jerusalem. Yet, the restoration of tribunician powers was a highly significant measure and a turning point in the politics of the late Republic. Damascus continued to use the Seleucid era. [170] In the Life of Pompey, Plutarch wrote that the laws proposed by Trebonius were in accordance with the agreement made at Lucca. [205] There, he advanced on Oricum, which the commander of the garrison handed to him. He next appears with three legions recruited in Picenum, joining Sulla as an independent ally in the campaign to recover Rome and Italy from the Marians (83). When, in that war, Pompey was defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. Perpenna began to fear for his safety and conspired to murder Sertorius. He confirmed some in possession of their kingdoms, added to the principalities of others, and curtailed and humbled the excessive powers of a few." According to Appian, Pompey had lent him one legion; according to Caesar, it was two legions. He incorporated the territories he subdued in those two areas in the province of Cilicia. Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, the former enemy of the triumvirate, proposed in the senate that Pompey should be elected as sole consul. Then, pretending fear, he pulled back drawing the enemy after him. There was a tablet with the inscription "Ships with brazen beaks captured, 800; cities founded in Cappadocia, 8; in Cilicia and Coele-Syria, 20; in Palestine, the one which is now Seleucis. [20] While Pompey was still in Sicily, Sulla ordered him to the province of Africa to fight Gnaeus Domitius, who had assembled a large force there. Pompey reproached Aristobulus for his violence, and told the men to wait for him, for he would settle the matter after dealing with the Nabataeans. Therefore, the defenders of the Temple did not counter the deployment of the battering rams by the Romans, which, on the other days of the week, they had successfully prevented. Plutarch wrote that it surpassed all previous triumphs, taking place over an unprecedented two days. [166][167][168][169] Cassius Dio, who wrote the most detailed account of the period, did not mention the Lucca conference. The Pompeian army then crossed the Anti-Lebanon mountains, took Pella and reached Damascus, where he was met by ambassadors from all over Syria, Egypt and Judea. Pompey was moving towards a power struggle with Caesar and relied on the support of the Senate and the optimates. Pharnaces embalmed his body and sent it to Pompey as proof of his surrender, for which he was granted the kingdom of Bosporus and listed as an ally.[117]. [230], This article is about Pompey the Great. However, the temple was well fortified and there was a deep valley around it. The next day, the wall of the Temple was broken through and the soldiers went on a rampage. "[188], According to Cassius Dio, the senators went to Pompey and gave him both funds and troops. That said, he was an Optimates and was thus Caesar’s natural political opponent. The rising crushed, however, Pompey refused to disband his army, which he used to bring pressure on the Senate to send him with proconsular power to join Metellus Pius in Spain against the Marian leader Sertorius. Caesar began an alliance with Gnaeus Pompey Magnus, a powerful military and political leader. Pompey ignored him, forbade the soldiers to obey Lucullus and marched to the front. After returning from defeating Pompey, Julius Caesar parades the streets in his triumphant celebration. He also gave rewards to philosophers in Athens and gave the city money towards its restoration (it had been damaged by Lucius Cornelius Sulla during the First Mithridatic War). He tried to persuade the consuls not to read Caesar's reports from Gaul and to send someone to relieve his command. [8], Pompey served under his father's command during the final years of the Social War. [91] One of the consuls for 67 BC, Manius Acilius Glabrio, was appointed to succeed Lucullus. However, the royal ships were seen taking crews on board, and there were soldiers on the shore. Pompey displaced Lucullus and lost no time defeating Mithradates in Asia Minor. [26][27][28][29], Quintus Sertorius, the last survivor of the Cinna-Marian faction (Sulla's main opponents during the civil wars of 88-80 BC), waged an effective guerrilla war against the officials of the Sullan regime in Hispania. Pompey besieged Palantia until Sertorius showed up to relieve the city. Pompey's remains were taken to Cornelia, who gave them burial at his Alban villa. Unlike Metellus, Pompey took his army back to Italy with him, ostensibly to assist in putting down a slave revolt led by Spartacus but in reality to secure a triumph and election to the consulship for 70. The Romans hurled stones, arrows and javelins on the enemy, which was not in battle formation, from an elevated height. Pompey moved on to Colchis and wanted to march to the Cimmerian Bosporus against Mithridates. "[149] Crassus was a property speculator and the richest man in Rome, who also had extensive patronage networks. He had gone to Hispania with the remnants of the army of Lepidus in Sardinia and had wanted to fight this war independently to gain glory. Theodotus argued that neither option was safe: if welcomed, Pompey would become a master and Caesar an enemy, while, if turned away, Pompey would blame the Egyptians for rejecting him and Caesar for making him continue his pursuit. The latter entered the besieged strongholds and fought with the pirates. Caesar thought this looked like a chance to fight on more advantageous ground, and he prepared for battle. Their king begged for mercy and Pompey pardoned him. According to Appian, Lucius Domitius was appointed as Caesar's successor, and he took to the field with 4,000 men from the active list. Pompey renamed it Pompeiopolis.[89]. [185], Caesar crossed the Alps with a legion and arrived at Ravenna, close to the border with Italy. He is also known for snatching the victory over the enslaved people led by Spartacus out from under the hands of Crassus, the third member of … Cassius Dio added that Pompey had sent a detachment to pursue him, but he outstripped them by crossing the river Phasis. Mithridates tried to establish friendly relations with Phraates III, the king of Parthia. Pompey hurried to defend Dyrrhachium and arrived there first. Scaurus made an expedition against Petra, in Arabian Nabataea. [106], In the version of Cassius Dio, the son of Tigranes fled to Phraates. In Plutarch's version, the location of the mountain is unspecified and Mithridates abandoned it because he thought that it had no water. The people supported Hyrcanus, with only the priests supporting Aristobulus. They reached the island and were barred from the port, with the islanders having been informed that Caesar was approaching. Some senators proposed that Caesar should disarm first, but Curio maintained that Caesar was a counterbalance to Pompey's power and that either Pompey should disarm first or both should do so simultaneously. According to Appian, the next day, Sertorius attacked Metellus' camp unexpectedly, but he had to withdraw because Pompey was approaching. Caesar now worked to undo the Sullan constitution in cooperation with Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius), who had started his career as a lieutenant of Sulla but had changed sides since Sulla’s death. The Romans referred to Strabo as a novus homo (new man). Sertorius reacted with severe punishments and started using a bodyguard of Celtiberians instead of Romans. Caesar drove Pompey out of Italy and chased him to Greece. In 49 Caesar defied Senate demands and entered Italy with his army. Therefore, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Upper Colchis, Pontus and Armenia, as well as the forces of Lucullus, were added to his command. The deal was confirmed by marriage; Pompey married to Caesar's daughter Julia. However, the soldiers of Aristobulus did not let them in, which led Pompey to arrest Aristobulus and enter Jerusalem. Papirius Carbo had a fleet there, and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus had forced entry into the Roman province of Africa. He sided with Aristobulus because he was rich and because it was easier to expel the Nabateans, who were not very warlike, than to capture Jerusalem. Perpenna offered to produce letters to Sertorius from leading men in Rome who had invited Sertorius to Italy for seditious purposes. He united Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, which had been ravaged by the Arabians and Tigranes. Two bitter enemies of Caesar, Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus (a cousin of the previous consul) were chosen as consuls for 50 BC. He wrote that Tigranes arrested his envoys because he thought that Mithridates was responsible for a rebellion by his son. However, he succeeded in restoring order and chose his father-in-law as his colleague for the last five months of the year. Pompeius Strabo ascended the traditional cursus honorum, becoming quaestor in 104 BC, praetor in 92 BC and consul in 89 BC. Pompey's head was severed, and his unclothed body was thrown into the sea. When Pompey ordered him to surrender the fortress, Aristobulus did give it up, but withdrew to Jerusalem and prepared for war. He cleared the western Mediterranean in forty days, proceeded to Brundisium (Brindisi) and cleared the eastern Mediterranean in the same amount of time. He reorganized it into six parts: Cilicia Aspera, Cilicia Campestris, Pamphylia, Pisidia (north of Pamphylia), Isauria (east of Pisidia), Lycaonia (north of Cilicia Trachea) and the greater part of Phrygia (north of Pisidia and Isauria). Olthaces, the chief of the Colchians; the tyrants of the Cilicians; the female rulers of the Scythians and Menander the Laodicean, the commander of Mithridates' cavalry, were also paraded. However, he also marched to Judea to deal with Aristobulus, and it was not mentioned whether he actually reached Petra before turning to Judea. [224] However, he was finally compelled to fight an open battle by his allies, and his conventional tactics proved no match to those of Caesar (who also commanded the more experienced troops). I will simplify. While not extremely charismatic, Pompey could display tremendous bravery and fighting skills on the battlefield, which inspired his men. The procession included images of Tigranes and Mithridates, who were not present, and the sons and daughters of Mithridates who had died. When the governor of Gallia Transalpina died, Caesar was given that province as well. He incorporated Isauria into the province of Cilicia Pedias. [222] During his campaigns in the east, he relentlessly pursued his enemies, choosing the ground for his battles. Jews were not counted as citizens because of religion, and were probably deported or saw their property confiscated in revenge, with some probably becoming tenants of Hellenized landowners. He sent Afrianius to subdue the Arabs around the Amanus Mountains (in what was then on the coast of northern Syria). Many were killed, but many, including Mithridates, fled. Caesar therefore assumed that the king's advisors had decided to murder Pompey in case he tried to manipulate the Roman contingent of the Egyptian forces, in order to seize power.[213]. There, he learned that the inhabitants of Antioch and the Romans resident there had taken up arms to prevent him from going there. Either in the porticus or the theater itself were numerous statues, the arrangement of which was entrusted to Cicero's good friend Atticus. Domitius, who was only a four-hour march away, avoided the danger and joined Caesar, who was on his way to Aeginium, a town just past the border of Thessaly. Livy noted that Pompey was made consul after a special senatorial decree, because he had not occupied the quaestorship, was an equestrian and did not have senatorial rank. He and his wife, Metella, persuaded Pompey to divorce Antistia and marry Sulla's stepdaughter Aemilia Scaura. The leniency with which he treated the pirates who surrendered was "equally great" and won over many pirates, who went over to his side. He then made a sortie, passed through the enemy lines and joined his new force. Pompey learned of this and invaded his territory, catching him unaware. He wrote to the governors of the provinces, and also to the kings and cities he had won over in the Third Mithridatic War, asking them to send aid. [212], Caesar thought this was decided because Ptolemy's forces included many of Pompey's soldiers who had been taken to Alexandria from Syria by Aulus Gabinius to restore Ptolemy XII when he had been deposed. [132], Pompey set out to liberate a number of Hellenised towns from their rulers. Pliny records the names of several "old masters" whose works were acquired, and there is evidence that Pompey patronized at least two contemporary Italian sculptors, Pasiteles and Coponius. Sulla made ample use of his youthful allyâs military abilities. After his consulship, he waited in Rome while rival nobles undermined the position of Lucius Licinius Lucullus, who was campaigning against Mithradates in Anatolia, and made halfhearted attempts to deal with the pirates. When Pompey spent most of his private resources on the war, he asked the senate for money, threatening to go back to Italy with his army if this was refused. When the moon rose, it was behind the Romans, creating shadows and causing confusion for the enemy. Pompey let them cross the river Cyrnus and then attacked them and routed them. [98] In Appian's account, when the deserters heard about the demand to hand them back, Mithridates swore that he would not make peace with the Romans and that he would not give them up.[99]. He recognised that they had undertaken piracy due to the poverty caused by the mentioned war and settled many of them in Mallus, Adana, Epiphania or any other uninhabited or thinly populated town in Cilicia. In Rome, there were rumors that Pompey would march his army against the city and establish a monarchy. The captives led in the triumph were the leaders of the pirates; the son of Tigranes the Great with his wife and daughter; a wife of Tigranes the Great; a sister and five children of Mithridates VI; Aristobulus II, the king of the Jews; hostages from the Caucasian Albanians and the Caucasian Iberians; and the king of Commagene. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans. Phraates then went back to his land, and Tigranes counterattacked, defeating his son. Perpenna responded with the carrot and the stick: he gave gifts, made promises and released some of the men Sertorius had imprisoned, while threatening others and killing some men to strike terror. [104], In Appian, at this stage, Pompey pursued Mithridates as far as Colchis and then marched against Armenia. [126] According to Josephus, 12,000 Jews fell. Achillas claimed that the sea's sandy bottom and shallows had not allowed him to approach with a ship. Plutarch wrote that it was not known whether Brutus had betrayed his army or whether his army had betrayed him. Sertorius or Lucullus, for instance, were especially critical. Finally, in 67, the tribune Aulus Gabinius forced a bill through the popular assembly empowering Pompey to settle the pirate problem. [137], In the Senate, Pompey was probably equally admired and feared. Pompey pardoned him and reconciled him with his son. Pompey and Caesar then contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. [22] Sulla was annoyed, but did not want to hinder his career and kept quiet. When Pompey was about to cross the river, Artoces sued for peace. "[82] Plutarch described Gabinius as one of Pompey's intimates and claimed that he "drew up a law which gave him not an admiralty, but an out-and-out monarchy and irresponsible power over all men. Pompey, who was in Galatia, prepared for war. He was condemned to death, but later released for the sake of his mother Mucia. Both Plutarch and Cassius Dio thought that the law made Pompey "the master of all the land and sea under Roman possession." The Romans built a ramp and brought siege engines and battering rams from Tyre. Pompey was granted an extension of his command in his provinces in Hispania and was given an annual sum for the maintenance of his troops. Caesar continued his campaigns in Gaul and Crassus undertook his campaign against the Parthians. [216], Pompey's military glory was second to none for two decades. Pompey could not look at Mithridates' body and sent it to Sinope. Strabo died during the siege of Rome by the Marians, in 87 BC—either as a casualty of an epidemic,[3] or by having been struck by lightning. "[68] Towards the end of their term of office, when the differences between the two men were increasing, a man declared that Jupiter told him to "declare in public that you should not suffer your consuls to lay down their office until they become friends." It was on the Cilician coast and had been sacked by Tigranes the Great. When he got there, 7,000 of the enemy forces went over to him. [34] In the spring of 76 BC, he marched on and entered the Iberian peninsula through the Col de Petrus. When Pompey returned to Rome, everyone welcomed him. Furthermore, Metellus Scipio, the governor of Syria, was ordered to bring his two legions to Greece, but he had some difficulty bringing them across the Amanus range and got no further than Pergamum before deciding to put his men into winter quarters. Pompey and Metellus pursued him to a settlement called "Seguntia" (certainly not the more known Saguntum settlement on the coast, but one of the many Celtiberian towns called Seguntia, since Sertorius had withdrawn inland), where they fought an inconclusive battle. "[79], Cassius Dio wrote that Gabinius’ bill was supported by everybody except the senate, which preferred the ravages of pirates rather than giving Pompey such great powers, and the senators nearly killed Pompey. He was a relatively apolitical person; he went with issue at hand. Earlier, Julius Caesar's aunt had married Marius, the urban plebeians' late hero, in an alliance that conferred aristocratic connections on Marius and access to money for Caesar's family. This town also closed its gates, but surrendered when they heard about the fall of Gomphi. Then, as Perpenna did not think that his men would remain loyal for long, he marched into battle, but Pompey ambushed and defeated him. Plutarch wrote that Tigranes forbade him from coming and put a reward on him, while Cassius Dio did not mention a reward. "[19] His opponents dubbed him adulescentulus carnifex (adolescent butcher). He fought the Social War against Rome's Italian allies. There, Pompey heard that Cato the Younger was sailing to Africa. Thus, Caesar brought into being this alliance between these three men, which historians call the First Triumvirate. Two of these men were hostile to each other ever since the revolt of Spartacus; another pair allied themselves only tenuously through marriage. Romans used to praise Pompey in the same way and Caesar doesn't deserve it Cassius is trying to convince Brutus that Caesar is not a man of honor. However, the people of Rome feared war and were already calling for both men to disarm at the same time. [60][61], Pompey was granted a second triumph for his victory in Hispania, which, again, was extra-legal. Pompey promised reforms at home and abroad. [145] Pompey never gave an insight into his own personal fortune, but it must have been vast. [40], In 75 BC, Sertorius decided to take on Metellus while he left the battered Pompey to two of his legates (Perpenna and Herennius). The "retreat" of Metellus made it seem like victory was further away then ever and led to the joke that Sertorius would be back in Rome before Pompey.[50]. However, Aristobulus went to Judea. However, while Pompey was encamped near Petra, a messenger brought the news that Mithridates was dead. Extraordinary commands would have to be created if Rome was to recover control of the sea from pirates. He finally defeated Pompey, chasing him all the way to Egypt. Pompey increased the state's income by 70 percent (from 200 million sesterces to 340 million sesterces per annum), and the value of the booty handed over to the treasury was a further 480 million sesterces. Pompey penned up Marcus Junius Brutus, one of Lepidus's lieutenants, in Mutina. Once elected, Pompey and Crassus got Gaius Trebonius, a plebeian tribune, to propose a measure that gave the province of Syria and the nearby lands to one of the consuls, and the provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior to the other. Pompey set sail from Cyprus with warships and merchant ships. [32][33] On Pompey's staff were his old lieutenant Afranius, D. Laelius, Petreius, C. Cornelius, probably Gabinius and Varro. Josephus wrote "No small enormities were committed about the temple itself, which, in former ages, had been inaccessible, and seen by none; for Pompey went into it, and not a few of those that were with him also, and saw all that which it was unlawful for any other men to see but only for the high priests. The Senate was suspicious of both men, but deemed Pompey to be less of a threat and hated Caesar because he had disregarded the Senate when he was consul. In Cassius Dio, Pompey wintered near the river Cyrnus. This post was instituted at times of severe grain shortages to supervise the grain supply. In the next few days, he pushed his lines closer to the hill where Pompey's camp was. "[74] Through the repeal of Sulla's measures against the plebeian tribunate, Pompey gained the favour of the people. In the accounts of Plutarch and Cassius Dio, instead, he went to Armenia first and to Colchis later. Once in office Lepidus attempted revolution, and Pompey promptly joined the forces of law and order against him. Pompey hesitated, and Cato stood for the consulship in order to deprive Caesar of his military command and have him tried, but he was not elected. Afrianius drove him out and pursued him as far as the area of Arbela, in northern Mesopotamia. After Sulla's death in 78 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus tried to revive the fortunes of the populares. He tried to prevent Sulla from receiving a state funeral and from having his body buried in the Campus Martius. Pompey, who had just successfully assisted the consul Catulus in putting down the rebellion of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, asked to be sent to reinforce Metellus. After Julius Caesar destroyed Pompey the Greatâs army at Pharsalus in 48 BCE, Pompey fled to Egypt. He hemmed in and killed many pirates, besieging the remnants. [129] Josephus did write that Pompey marched on Nabataea, but did not mention the reason for this. Initially, pleas from the people were of no avail, but eventually Crassus yielded and offered Pompey the handshake.[73]. When Pompey returned to Rome from the Third Mithridatic War, he asked the Roman senate to ratify the acts of his settlements with the cities, kings and princes in the east. The optimates were unhappy about so much power being given to Pompey and saw this as the establishment of a tyranny. However, Pompey had spread exaggerated rumors about Caesar's defeat, and the governor of Thessaly cast his lot with Pompey. Cassius Dio also wrote that Pompey faced some delays in the distribution of grain because many slaves had been freed prior to the distribution and Pompey wanted to take a census to ensure they received it in an orderly way.[163][164][165]. [17] Pompey and Mucia had three children: the eldest, Gnaeus Pompey (Pompey the Younger); Pompeia Magna, a daughter; and Sextus Pompey, the younger son. Meanwhile, Pompey set up a colony for his soldiers at Nicopolitans in Cappadocia. [111], Pompey withdrew to Lesser Armenia. To promote his own agenda, Pompey aligned himself with Julius Caesar and Marcus Crassus in the First Triumvirate. Caesar went to Rome, after which he embarked on an astonishing 27-day forced march to Hispania and defeated the troops Pompey had there. Straberius, the commander of the garrison, abandoned the city. He lost a first battle, but won another, and Tigranes asked Pompey for help. [155][156][157][158] He then left Rome to take on these governorships and got involved in his Gallic Wars, which lasted from 58 to 50 BC. Some people disliked this, because Cornelia was much younger, and thought she would have been a better match for his sons. Julius Caesar as a Tragic Hero 5:10 Calpurnia in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: Character Traits & Analysis 6:49 Mark Antony in Julius Caesar: Character Analysis, Overview 3:42
Types Of Personality Test, Leeds Game Today, Cullman Times Local Sports, Conditionals Lesson Plan, Atlas Magazine -- Submissions, Stay Bts Credits, Cheap Houses For Sale Madison, Va, Quality Cottages Aberaeron, Just Eat International, For Rent Banks County, Ga, Taylor Swift And Scarlett Johansson, Pictures Of Chrysanthemum Plants,
