The oud is one of the oldest stringed instruments, dating back to the era of Akad (2350 BCE). OUD - UD - العود. What we know is that the oldest surviving guitar-like instrument is a tanbur from Egypt, circa 1500 BCE, owned by a musician named Har-Mose . The oud has a mythic status, its origins hidden in antiquity and enhanced by myth, story, and legend. Alexander Graham Bell is often credited with being the inventor of the telephone since he was awarded the first successful patent. Renaissance Lute c. Dotar/Dutar d. Indian Sitar e. Chatar D. Acoustic guitar evolution and who invented them a. There is normally no fingerboard, the strings being stopped by the player’s fingers. First Bell Telephone, June 1875. When playing Western style medieval music with an Oud, I prefer to tie on frets. But far from just being an important stepping stone, the Oud was a significant instrument in its own right that bridged the cultural divide between the East and West during the middle ages. The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that typically has six strings.It is held flat against the player's body and played by strumming or plucking the strings with the dominant hand, while simultaneously pressing the strings against frets with the fingers of the opposite hand. An image on the left of something or other from Mesopotamia, 3500–3200 BCE. The highly influential organologist Curt Sachs distinguished between the "long-necked lute" and the short-necked variety. Antoine-Joseph " Adolphe " Sax ( French: [ɑ̃twan ʒɔzɛf adɔlf saks]; 6 November 1814 – 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who created the saxophone in the early 1840s, patenting it in 1846. In the archaeological record, an instrument similar to the oud has been found throughout Mespotamian sites and ancient Egypt. I’ve been doing my PhD on long neck lutes and spent my first year researching the ancient Mesopotamian images, and I’m convinced that that figure is not playing a lute of any kind! I cover the troubadours a little in my article on the vielle, which you may have seen. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba.He played the flute and clarinet. All rights reserved. The great theorist al-Farabi (10th century) used the fretting of the oud to analyse the tonal system. The Moorish guitar retained the rounded back, multiple sound holes and wide fingerboard of the oud. OUD is defined in the DSM-5 as a problematic pattern of opioid use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. After uncertain origins, the popularity of the oud spread across the Mediterranean, the Middle East and north and east Africa, where it remains popular to this day. It continues today to be one of the most popular instruments of the eastern Mediterranean and middle east. Others dispute this, arguing that the early guitar-like instruments with a long neck and flat back, have little in common with the short neck, round bodied instruments like the oud and lute. I haven’t heard that idea before. Thank you. Not to be reproduced in any form without permission. Depending on what you are prepared to believe, the oud may first have appeared between 3500 and 3200 BCE, but they’re such vague depictions that they could be almost anything. I wonder what you make of that. Prices and offers are subject to change. Certain scholars, eager to find a much earlier date for the first lute instruments than what we have (the Akkadian era, c. 2334-2150 BCE) have unfortunately seized on the lute interpretation in spite of how easy it is to show otherwise. B. The definite article al was dropped in Turkish and in Turkey the instrument is simply known as oud or ud (a matter of transliteration into English). It was the 11th-century Muslim musician Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham who provided the first description of the oud. Alfonso X, “The Wise”, 1221-1284, was King of Castile and other regions in modern day Spain and Portugal, and nothing illustrates the spread of the oud from east to west better than his reign – quite literally, illustrates. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba. The complete history of the development of the lute family is not fully compiled at this date, but archaeomusicologists have worked to piece together a lute family history. At the rear of the boat is this guy, and what he’s the rudder man using an oar to guide the barge in the right direction. Given the pleasure the Moors and Sufis took in punning, the convergence seems pausible to me, and the crossword setter in me finds the idea delightfuil, but I’m not a scholar of historical philology. Now Western perfumers are paying attention to its wild and intense aroma, be it derived from real or synthetic sources. Hello, Meic. He was a fervent patriot who believed that physical education was the cornerstone of national health and strength and important in strengthening character and national Most scholars agree, the two instruments that played the biggest part in the history of the guitar were the European lute and an Arabic instrument called an oud. Safavid [Persian] miniatures occasionally portray fretted ouds, but the Ottoman instruments of that period seem to have been unfretted. During the 16th century the Ottoman Empire ruled the entire Middle East and North Africa with the exception of Iran and Morocco. I’m not a scholar of historical philology, either, but that’s an intriguing theory. Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi', better known as Ziryab or Zeryab was a singer, oud player, composer, poet, and teacher who lived and worked in Iraq, Northern Africa, and Andalusia of the medieval Islamic period. Methadone was first synthesized in Germany at the laboratories of IG Farben, a large pharmaceutical company. It is strung in courses (pairs of strings) made of gut, processed from the small intestines of sheep, as most instrument strings were in the medieval period. The sound of the Oud vibrates within its hollow body. B. History and Origin of the Mountain Dulcimer / Appalachian Dulcimer. Though the oud is an eastern instrument, entering Europe in the 9th century via Moorish rule in Iberia, one striking feature of the depiction of the three ouds in the Cantigas is that they are all played by western Christian musicians. The The most significant of Alfonso’s books for our purpose is the Cantigas de Santa María, a collection of 420 songs in praise of the Virgin Mary, written by Alfonso, aided by anonymous courtiers. At that time, the most common oud had only four strings, and the neck was not fretted. The oud is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument similar to a lute used in traditional Middle Eastern music and East African music. The angle of the foot from the leg explains the bent peg box. The first patent for the electric guitar was awarded to George Beauchamp for a guitar he made with partner Adolph Rickenbacker in 1931. The reed boats used by Marsh Arabs in southern Iraq today use the same setup. This important musical influence goes back to Ziryab (b. musings on medieval, renaissance and traditional music. The introduction to the oud caused changes to the design of the cithara. Tom Ford's Oud Wood was … © Ian Pittaway. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Oud has been man’s companion in his journey through thousands of years, adapting to … JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. This instrument was named by the Arabs Al Oud, which means wood and specifically thin wood. Douglas Alton Smith argues the long-necked variety should not be called lute at all because it existed for at least a millennium before the appearance of the short-necked instrument that eventually evolved into … In the middle ages, easterners and westeners were not only knocking seven bells out of each other in the Crusades, they were also trading and engaging in fruitful cultural exchange. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Our modern word ‘guitar’ probably comes from the ancient Greek word κιθάρα (kithara), and doubtless, stringed instruments existed prior to recorded history. I wanted to comment on the Mesopotamian image of the ‘something or other’ that the British Museum claims is a lute. It is thought that this effort was part of Hitler’s attempt to be independent from the influence of other countries. This instrument was named by the Arabs … According to the story, Lamak’s son died and his body was hung from a … The Lute/Oud b. Abu Nasr Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Farabi, the Muslim scholar known to many as Alpharabius and born about 872, said the oud was invented by Noah's grandfather, Lamech - the sixth grandson of Adam and Eve. Beside this, oud is also known as the ancestor of the European lute. 4. In 1965 Stephanie Kwolek created the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength and stiffness. No one knows for sure how far the oud dates back, and whether its origins are in Persia, Arabia, or elsewhere. The lute is the descendent of the Arabic Oud which traveled into Europe during the time of the Crusades. How did western musicians come to play an eastern instrument? If you look at any other cylinder seal image from then, or in fact any image of these or similar barges (I’ve seen some from Byzantine manuscripts done 3,000 years later! Body shapes vary. During his reign he wrote and commissioned a large number of books, with subjects ranging from art and literature to scientific texts translated into Castillian from Arabic originals. Beginning with the name, al-oud is traditionally taken from the Arabic for “the wood. Pear- and boat-shaped rabābs were particularly common and influenced the rebec.Flat, round, … Who invented it? The oud was most likely introduced to Western Europe by the Arabs who established the Umayyad Caliphate of Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula beginning in the year 711 AD. In common with all early plucked instruments, the oud has a rosette or rose, a decorative carved sound hole. It would be interesting to know if he has any evidence for the connection, factual or conjectural, or if he can trace cultural and musical connections as well as linguistic ones. However, there were many other inventors such as Elisha Gray and Antonio Meucci who also developed a talking telegraph. But was the oud fretted, unfretted, or both? Looking at the single rose instead of the oud’s multiple roses and the more lute-like pegbox, it is tempting to describe this as a transitional instrument, a proto-lute. C. The first acoustic guitars a. The When the Moors invaded Southern Spain in 711AD, they brought the oud along. The whole cylinder seal depicts a royal barge called a maghur that kings of the time would use to travel from city to city in their domains via the canals that provided irrigation and served as ‘roadways’–maintaining these was one of the king’s main tasks in that rather arid region. The Xbox game console, released by Microsoft on Nov. 14, 2001, did not have a single inventor but was rather developed by an internal development team. Alfonso X, “The Wise”, 1221-1284, was King of Castile and other regions in modern day Spain and Portugal, and nothing illustrates the spread of the oud from east to west better than his reign – quite literally, Though some parts of the oud-playing world, such as Iran, had fretted ouds all the way from the 10, In 1283, Alfonso X commissioned a book of chess endgame problems, from which the illustration on the left comes. If you’re conversant with the English song tradition and its American offshoots, this will be a familiar theme: there are similarly plenty of songs where female corpses are made into fiddles, harps and banjos.
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