Finally, the mutual suspicion and distrust that had existed for centuries between the western and eastern states and churches had blown up into full-scale warfare. The Byzantines lamented not only the awful bloodshed and the monetary loss of the sacking but also the destruction of historically important artworks which they knew full well connected the city and, indeed, the western world back to its Roman heritage. The Venetians took three-eighths of Constantinople, the Ionian islands, Crete, Euboea, Andros, Naxos, and a few strategic points along the coast of the Sea of Marmara. We got an email that said: Also, during the Crusades- many Orthodox Christian Churches were pillaged and destroyed in the area and many holy relics and ancient items stolen or destroyed (among them the Holy Napkin) by the Catholics, who had mostly forgotten the Orthodox. Before we explore the reasons behind this victory, it is crucial to explain why the Fourth Crusade arrived at Constantinople. The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Sailing in with their fleet and attacking the sea walls and land walls simultaneously with siege engines and scaling ladders, even the elite Varangian Guard could not prevent the attackers forcing their way into the city. Following the siege of Constantinople in 1203, on 1 August 1203 the pro-Crusader Alexios Angelos was crowned Emperor Alexios IV of the Byzantine Empire. [12] The civilian population of Constantinople were subject to the Crusaders' ruthless lust for spoils and glory; thousands of them were killed in cold blood. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the Publishing Director at AHE. Nothing could be further from the truth. [12] Although the Venetians engaged in looting too, their actions were far more restrained. The result of the Fourth Crusade was the sack and plunder of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, by the Crusaders. In June 1202 CE the Crusaders assembled in Venice from across Europe, led by Marquis Boniface of Montferrat. His special interests include pottery, architecture, world mythology and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share in common. The Crusaders arrived outside Constantinople on 24 June 1203 and played their trump card. In 1204, Byzantine naval power was at a low ebb and the chain was taken down. Monumental sculptures, countless artworks, books, manuscripts, and jewels which had been steadily accumulated by emperors and nobles over a millennium were all stripped away and either destroyed or melted down for coinage. The remaining 500,000 silver marks were secretly kept back by many Crusader knights.[16][17]. Viewed 681 times 3. loss of Jerusalem & Muslim, request from Byz … The Entry of the Crusaders into Constantinople (Eugène Delacroix, 1840). It is true that Pope Innocent III had called for a new crusade — to liberate Jerusalem indirectly by seizing control of Egypt. Amazon配送商品ならThe Fourth Crusade 1202-04: The betrayal of Byzantium (Campaign)が通常配送無料。更にAmazonならポイント還元本が多数。Nicolle, David, Hook, Christa作品ほか、お急ぎ便対象商品は当日お届けも可能。 Alexios IV may not have helped the westerners very much but his people did not trust him anyway, given the way he ascended the throne and the presence of the Crusader army still outside the walls of Constantinople. As the video below demonstrates quoting many historians, the sack of the city was self inflicted. The Fourth Crusade was launched by Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) in 1202 CE with the principal intention of reclaiming Jerusalem for Christendom after its fall in 1187 CE to Saladin, Sultan of Egypt (r. 1169-1193 CE). Bibliography It's difficult to tell what is being asked here. During the invasion the lives of the citizens were respected, but the city was subjected to sack without any kind of restraint. It was said that the total amount looted from Constantinople was about 900,000 silver marks. Worse, they created a damaging rift in east-west relations as blame was apportioned to either side for the lack of success. It turned out that was a bit of an overestimate, but Venice insisted on payment nonetheless. Cartwright, Mark. For the western half of the old Roman Empire, though, the Byzantines were reg… [10], On 9 April 1204, the Crusader and Venetian forces began an assault on the Golden Horn fortifications by crossing the waterway to the northwest wall of the city, but, because of bad weather, the assault forces were driven back when the troops that landed came under heavy archery fire in open ground between Constantinople's fortifications and the shore.[10]. The Pope was not best pleased to hear the news that Christian Zara had been sacked in November 1202 CE, and he promptly excommunicated the Crusaders and the Venetians. To continue reading this article you will need to purchase access to the online archive. It was no surprise, then, that a usurper came along, one Alexios V Doukas. [1]:xiii, In April 2004, in a speech on the 800th anniversary of the capture of the city, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I formally accepted the apology. A strong north wind aided the Venetian ships near the Golden Horn to come close to the city wall, which enabled attackers to seize some of the towers along the wall. Furniture, doors, and marble architectural elements were taken away for reuse elsewhere, and even the tombs of emperors, including that of the great Justinian I, were opened up and their precious contents removed. According to a prearranged treaty the empire was apportioned between Venice and the crusade's leaders, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople was established. It may not have been so cynically planned by all parties but, in the end, it is exactly what happened with the exception that the Fourth Crusade ended with the fall of the Byzantine capital and Jerusalem was left for a later date. Start studying Chapter 13 test. Constantinople held the masterpieces of the ancient world. Initially, the defenders held on, but eventually, the attackers forced their way through on both the sea side and the land side when the Franks finally battered down one of the city gates. The centuries of argument and mistrust, the constant rivalry between Popes and emperors, and the rising ambition of western states to wrest from Byzantium the remnants of its empire in Italy were, for a time, held in check by the first three Crusades. Robinson is clearly no friend of the Roman Catholic Church, and I will even go so far as to say that he is anti-Catholic in his point of view, but he does give an interesting account of the Crusader's sack on Constantinople in 1204. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Primarily because Enrico Dandolo, the blind Doge of Venice. Emperor Alexios V fled from the city that night through the Polyandriou (Rhegium) Gate and escaped into the countryside to the west. Books Intent on winning Venetian domination of the trade in the east, he well remembered his undignified expulsion from Constantinople when he served as an ambassador. "1204: The Sack of Constantinople." While I am certainly not defending t… "[22] In 2004, while Bartholomew I, Patriarch of Constantinople, was visiting the Vatican, John Paul II asked, "How can we not share, at a distance of eight centuries, the pain and disgust? "[23][24] This has been regarded by some as an apology to the Greek Orthodox Church for the slaughter perpetrated by the warriors of the Fourth Crusade. Ancient History Encyclopedia has a new name! An army commander and senior diplomat backed by the people, Doukas seized the throne and executed his predecessors, father and son together, in January 1204 CE. Some Crusaders were eventually able to knock holes in the walls large enough for a few knights at a time to crawl through; the Venetians were also successful at scaling the walls from the sea, although there was extremely bloody fighting with the Varangians. Discussion/Question I was just watching a alternate history video about what if the Byzantine empire survived and the guy that made the video pointed to the siege of 1204 as a major step towards their collapse. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. The Fourth Crusade was launched by Pope Innocent III in 1202 CE with the principal intention of reclaiming Jerusalem for Christendom. With the fall of the city, many of its religious icons, relics, and artworks were spirited away and the Byzantine Empire was divided up between Venice and its allies. World History Encyclopedia. The solution came in the form of the city of Zara, which had revolted against Venetian rule in 1183 and declared itself part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Constantinople had fallen remarkably easily once the Crusaders had overcome the garrison at Galata and lowered the massive chain which blocked the harbour of the Golden Horn. Crusades: The View from the East. One of the most precious works to suffer such a fate was a large bronze statue of Hercules, created by the legendary Lysippos, court sculptor of Alexander the Great. ... Byzantine Empire Crusades Europe Turkey Middle East Military. This question is ambiguous, vague, incomplete, overly broad, or rhetorical and cannot be reasonably answered in its current form. In very simple terms, sacking Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade was about getting loot and booty. Please support World History Encyclopedia Foundation. Cite This Work The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [13] Women, including nuns, were raped by the Crusader army,[14] which also sacked churches, monasteries and convents. By Mark Bonocore I've recently been reading a book by John J. Robinson called "Dungeon, Fire, and Sword --a history of the Crusades". The Venetians would also provide 50 ships at their own cost and receive half of any territory conquered. Although regular trade agreements were soon resumed between Byzantineand Latin States, some Westerners sought some form of revenge. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 01 February 2018 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Boniface was not elected as the new emperor, although the citizens seemed to consider him as such; the Venetians thought he had too many connections with the former empire because of his brother, Renier of Montferrat, who had been married to Maria Comnena, daughter and for a time heir-apparent of Manuel I. The famous bronze horses from the Hippodrome were sent back to adorn the façade of St Mark's Basilica in Venice, where they remain. This seemed as good an opportunity as ever to finally knock out Constantinople as a trade competitor. The belief that the conquest of Constantinople would help Crusading efforts was a mirage. On this day, April 12 th , in 1202, Constantinople is sacked by the Fourth Crusade. Crusades: The View from the East. "We receive with gratitude and respect your cordial gesture for the tragic events of the Fourth Crusade. The west considered Byzantine emperors to be only ever interested in the preservation of their empire and perceived superiority over the west. From there they sailed to Egypt - seen as the soft underbelly of the enemy - or at least, that was the original plan. Robert de Clari, a lesser knight of the Crusader army, wrote an interesting account of the Crusade with invaluable descriptions of Constantinople's monuments and religious relics. [9], By the end of March, the combined Crusader armies were besieging Constantinople as Emperor Alexios V began to strengthen the city's defences while conducting more active operations outside the city. The Hippodrome of Constantinople, especially, was looted for all the treasures which stood in the central island around which the chariots raced. The Sack of Constantinople in 1204 CEby Palma Le Jeune (Public Domain). He was crowned Emperor in the Hagia Sophia as Baldwin I of Constantinople. The most infamous action of the Fourth Crusade was the sack of the Orthodox Christian city of Constantinople . This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. "1204: The Sack of Constantinople." "[25], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}41°01′00″N 28°58′37″E / 41.0167°N 28.9769°E / 41.0167; 28.9769, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Reflections on the Sack of Constantinople (1204) and Lesser-Known Byzantine Atrocities", "The Latin Occupation in the Greek Lands", "In the Footsteps of St Paul: Papal Visit to Greece, Syria & Malta – Words", "Pope Expresses "Sorrow" Over Sacking of Constantinople", "Pope says sorry for crusaders' rampage in 1204", "In Pascha messages, Patriarchs address question of violence", "The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade – A New Annotated Translation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Constantinople&oldid=1000533881, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from April 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 2,000 Greek civilians killed by Crusaders, This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 14:26. Constantinople was surrounded by thick ramparts or defensive walls, which were over a thousand years old when the Ottoman Turks attacked the city in 1453. The Venetians also founded the Duchy of the Archipelago in the Aegean Sea. The sack of Constantinople in 1204 remains one of the enduring memories of the Crusades. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The crusaders were promised the riches of the Constantinople by a pretender to the throne if they would help him take the Empire back. Reflections on the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 and Lesser-Known Byzantine Atrocities Orthodox Christians are rightly horrified by what took place in the siege of Constantinople in 1204 by western Crusaders. Alexios fled to Thrace, and three days of looting followed. Instead, a bizarre twist of fate turned the latest crusaders in a totally unexpected direction—toward the great Christian city, Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine (or Eastern Roman) Empire. The siege of Zara took place in the year 1202. [closed] 3. The Byzantine Empire would be re-established in 1261 CE, albeit a shadow of its former self, when forces from the Empire of Nicaea, the centre of the Byzantines-in-exile (1208-1261 CE) retook Constantinople. Last modified February 01, 2018. The Massacre of the Latins (Italian: Massacro dei Latini; Greek: Σφαγή τῶν Λατίνων), a massacre of the Roman Catholic or "Latin" inhabitants of Constantinople by the usurper Andronikos Komnenos and his supporters in May 1182,[5][6] had effect on the politics between Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire and led to Sack of Thessalonica by Normans. The sack weakened the Byzantine Empire, which allowed neighbouring groups such as the Sultanate of Rum, and later the Ottoman Turks, to gain influence (see the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars). The Crusaders would sack the city, eventually conquering it in 1204 after multiple raids. The Venetians Attack Constantinople, 1204 CE. I thought I'd share this with you, so that we might explore the history. The Crusaders looted, terrorized, and vandalized Constantinople for three days, during which many ancient and medieval Roman and Greek works were either stolen or destroyed. Boniface of Montferrat took over Thessalonica and formed a new kingdom there which also included Athens and Macedonia. Then awe was swiftly replaced by greed. [8] Emperor Alexios V then attempted to negotiate with the Crusaders for a withdrawal from Byzantine territory without payment, but they refused in order to avenge Alexios IV and receive the money that was promised. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Another record, this time by an author closer to the leadership, was compiled by Geoffrey de Villehardouin, the Marshal of Champagne. The riches of Constantinople could then pay for the rest of the Crusade as it marched on to Jerusalem. With your help we create free content that helps millions of people learn history all around the world. Emperor Michael VIII (r. 1259-1282 CE) was then able to place his throne back in the palace of his Byzantine predecessors. Web. The ban was later lifted for the former, otherwise, they would not have been much use as Crusaders, one supposes. I commonly hear the justification for the Crusades as being "It was the west defending itself from the expansion of Islam". Why did the Crusaders sack Constantinople? The Byzantines had never fully understood the concept of a Holy War, which the western leaders used to rouse armies to be sent to the east. "The spirit of reconciliation of the resurrection... incites us toward reconciliation of our churches. The original plan of the Crusade was for the European crusaders to sail by means of the Venetian fleet from Venice and enter the Islamic states through Egypt, the weakest of Muslim-occupied areas. "The spirit of reconciliation is stronger than hatred," he said during a liturgy attended by Roman Catholic Archbishop Philippe Barbarin of Lyon, France. Constantinople, in 1204 CE, had a population of around 300,000, dwarfing the 80,000 in Venice, western Europe's largest city at the time.
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