Red depicts courage and dynamism. Waiting to be admitted as members and granted an observer status are Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. I therefore invited the two former members of the Association for Southeast Asia (ASA), Malaysia and the Philippines, and Indonesia, a key member, to a meeting in Bangkok. The tens stalks of padi represent the dream of ASEAN'S Founding Fathers for an ASEAN comprising all the ten countries in Southeast Asia bound together in friendship and … During his term as Minister of Labour, he implemented tough labour laws to attempt to restore stability in the Singaporean economy and attracted multinational corporations to invest in Singapore. The preceding organisation was the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) comprising of Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia. Malik agreed without hesitation but asked for time to talk with his government and also to normalize relations with Malaysia now that the confrontation was over. And that was how ASEAN was conceived, given a name, and born. The Founding of ASEAN On 8 August 1967, five leaders - the Foreign Ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand - sat down together in the main hall of the Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok, Thailand and signed a document. He was elected as Vice President of Indonesia and later as President of the UN General Assembly. And those countries who are interested, genuinely interested, in the stability of Southeast Asia, the prosperity of Southeast Asia, and better economic and social conditions, will welcome small countries getting together to pool their collective resources and their collective wisdom to contribute to the peace of the world.”, The goal of ASEAN, then, is to create, not to destroy. The five founding fathers who gave birth to ASEAN were Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, Tharat Khoman of Thailand and S. Rajaratnam of Singapore. However, the Declaration of the Five Founding Fathers of ASEAN or known as the ASEAN Declaration of 1967 stated non-political aspects such as socio-economy, confidence-building based on a spirit of mutual respect, the promotion of peace and stability, and … In this diplomatic arena together with UN he helped to draw international attention to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978. Philippine envoy to China: Beijing assured Philippines it won't be a target of coast guard law, Duterte claims US turning Philippines into an outpost, ENHANCED DEFENSE AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT, US takes alliances ‘very seriously’ – Pentagon, Commentary: Appeasing the 'dragon' is a folly, ‘Duterte admin has filed 60 diplomatic protests vs China’, The Philippines – under the Duterte administration – has so far filed a total of 60 diplomatic protests against China, including on its new law allowing its coast guard to fire on foreign vessels plying...r, By faith [Moses] left Egypt, not fearing the king’s anger. By virtue of that document, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was born. Secondly, we must also accept the fact, if we are really serious about it, that regional existence means painful adjustments to those practices and thinking in our respective countries. In an editorial last August, following the arrest of a delivery service driver for transporting drugs, we cautioned that more drug peddlers may soon be moving their product this way. The organisation maintains good relationships on an international scale, particularly towards Asia-Pacific nations, and upholds itself as a neutral party in politics. “We want to ensure,” he said, “a stable Southeast Asia, not a balkanized Southeast Asia. Thus the Bangkok Declaration promulgated that “the Association is open for participation to all States in the Southeast Asian region subscribing to the aforementioned aims, principles and purposes.” ASEAN’s inclusive outlook has paved the way for community-building not only in Southeast Asia, but also in the broader Asia Pacific region where several other inter-governmental organizations now co-exist. Jakarta: Independence Day is the occasion when Indonesia commemorates the struggles of its founding fathers to break the shackles of colonialism and laying the foundation of the modern republic that we see today, according to Indian Ambassador to Indonesia Pradeep Kumar Rawat. Continue to build on the dreams of Asean's founding fathers Khairy Jamaluddin Minister of Youth and Sports, Malaysia There has never been a better time … Meanwhile, the Thai Foreign Office prepared a draft charter of the new institution. And he impressed it on the audience of diplomats, officials and media people who had witnessed the signing ceremony that a great sense of urgency had prompted the Ministers to go through all that trouble. He recalled the tediousness of the negotiations that preceded the signing of the Declaration that “truly taxed the goodwill, the imagination, the patience and understanding of the five participating Ministers.” That ASEAN was established at all in spite of these difficulties, he said, meant that its foundations had been solidly laid. It represents the organization’s modus operandi of building on small steps, voluntary, and informal arrangements towards more binding and institutionalized agreements. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Hard work, patience and perseverance, he added, would also be necessary. Particularly what millions of men and women in our part of the world want is to erase the old and obsolete concept of domination and subjection of the past and replace it with the new spirit of give and take, of equality and partnership. One of the problems that we have in the Metro is how people walk on the streets instead of sidewalks. More than anything else, they want to be master of their own house and to enjoy the inherent right to decide their own destiny …”, While the nations of Southeast Asia prevent attempts to deprive them of their freedom and sovereignty, he said, they must first free themselves from the material impediments of ignorance, disease and hunger. Fast Fact: Mr Rajaratnam met his Hungarian wife, Ms Piroska Feher, at a book club in London, where he was sent to study law by his father. ASEAN objectives as stated in the Bangkok Declaration are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development, as well as to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law. “We are not against anything”, he said, “not against anybody”. Tun Abdul Razak was then concurrently his country’s Minister of Defence and Minister of National Development. On August 8, 1967, the Founding Fathers of ASEAN laid the foundation of an organization anchored on the importance of unity, solidarity, and cooperation. They were statesmen renowned in their own countries, hailed for … ASEAN, therefore, could marshal the still untapped potentials of this rich region through more substantial united action.”, When it was his turn to speak, Adam Malik, Presidium Minister for Political Affairs and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, recalled that about a year before, in Bangkok, at the conclusion of the peace talks between Indonesia and Malaysia, he had explored the idea of an organization such as ASEAN with his Malaysian and Thai counterparts. For a lawyer, to be appointed to the highest court of the land is to have reached the apex of one's career. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the Signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The original ASEAN logo presented five brown sheaves of rice stalks, one for each founding member. Let it be for Southeast Asia, a potentially rich region, rich in history, in spiritual as well as material resources and indeed for the whole ancient continent of Asia, the light of happiness and well-being that will shine over the uncounted millions of our struggling peoples.”, The Foreign Minister of Thailand closed the inaugural session of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations by presenting each of his colleagues with a memento. Exactly one year ago, President Rodrigo Duterte ordered Locsin to deliver a diplomatic note informing the US that he is unilaterally terminating the VFA. It had been barely 14 months since Thanat Khoman brought up the ASEAN idea in his conversations with his Malaysian and Indonesian colleagues. He was one of the five "founding fathers" of ASEAN in 1967 and helped to draw international attention to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978. Brown stands for strength and stability, yellow for prosperity and blue for the spirit of cordiality in which ASEAN affairs are conducted. These are the five foreign ministers of five countries who met up for the ASEAN 'Bangkok Declaration'. Each of these nations cannot accomplish that alone, but by joining together and cooperating with those who have the same aspirations, these objectives become easier to attain. Rajaratnam was one of the five "founding fathers" of ASEAN in 1967 and helped to draw international attention to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978. ASEAN Founding Fathers. That was by no means the end to intra-ASEAN disputes, for soon the Philippines and Malaysia would have a falling out on the issue of sovereignty over Sabah. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The countries of Southeast Asia should also be willing to take responsibility for whatever happens to them, according to Tun Abdul Razak, the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, who spoke next. We hope and pray that the Lord shall continue to bless the ASEAN members with peace and prosperity in all the years to come. Recalls one of the two surviving protagonists of that historic process, Thanat Khoman of Thailand: “At the banquet marking the reconciliation between the three disputants, I broached the idea of forming another organization for regional cooperation with Adam Malik. Thus the Bangkok Declaration promulgated that “the Association is open for participation to all States in the Southeast Asian region subscribing to the aforementioned aims, principles and purposes.” At a time when the Vietnam conflict was raging and American forces seemed forever entrenched in Indochina, he had foreseen their eventual withdrawal from the area and had accordingly applied himself to adjusting Thailand’s foreign policy to a reality that would only become apparent more than half a decade later. And at that time, the essential task was to lay the framework of regional dialogue and cooperation. He served as ambassador to the US and later as foreign secretary under President Marcos from 1966 to 1968. In about three more weeks, Indonesia would fully restore diplomatic relations with Malaysia, and soon after that with Singapore. He referred to differences of outlook among the member countries, but those differences, he said, would be overcome through a maximum of goodwill and understanding, faith and realism. All the founding member states and the newer members have stood fast to the spirit of the Bangkok Declaration. Over the years, ASEAN has progressively entered into several formal and legally-binding instruments, such as the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and the 1995 Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone. It is important that individually and jointly we should create a deep awareness that we cannot survive for long as independent but isolated peoples unless we also think and act together and unless we prove by deeds that we belong to a family of Southeast Asian nations bound together by ties of friendship and goodwill and imbued with our own ideals and aspirations and determined to shape our own destiny”. STANDARD COMPETENIESBASIC COMPETENCIES 2. “We must think not only of our national interests but posit them against regional interests: that is a new way of thinking about our problems. He was then 66 years old and his only son, the future President Fidel V. Ramos, was serving with the Philippine Civic Action Group in embattled Vietnam. White shows purity and yellow symbolizes prosperity. During the past year, he said, the Ministers had all worked together toward the realization of the ASEAN idea, “making haste slowly, in order to build a new association for regional cooperation.”. And the document that they signed would be known as the ASEAN Declaration. ASEAN was established on 8th August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration (a.k.a ASEAN Declaration) by the founding fathers of the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines. Source: http://asean.org/asean/about-asean/history/, ศูนย์ราชการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ ๘๐ พรรษาฯ ถ.แจ้งวัฒนะ แขวงทุ่งสองห้อง เขตหลักสี่ กรุงเทพมหานคร ๑๐๒๑๐, http://asean.org/asean/about-asean/history/. The five Foreign Ministers who signed it – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand – would subsequently be hailed as the Founding Fathers of probably the most successful inter-governmental organization in the developing world today. And that was how ASEAN was conceived, given a name, and born. Bike lanes in place. During ASEAN’s establishment in 1967, its founding fathers envisioned a regional institution of 10 countries in Southeast Asia. During his term as Minister of Labour, he implemented tough labour laws to attempt to restore stability in the Singaporean economy and attracted multinational corporations to invest in Singapore. Black, white, Hispanic, Native American—a little bit of everything—Asian, and that's more of a representation of this country.” For many descendants, their ancestry is news to them. In Southeast Asia, as in Europe and any part of the world, he said, outside powers had a vested interest in the balkanization of the region. Sign up now! Many disputes between ASEAN countries persist to this day. Malik, a gifted man from Sumatra, served as foreign minister in the regimes of Sukarno and Suharto. (Association of Southeast Asian Nations : ASEAN) It proclaimed ASEAN as representing “the collective will of the nations of Southeast Asia to bind themselves together in friendship and cooperation and, through joint efforts and sacrifices, secure for their peoples and for posterity the blessings of peace, freedom and prosperity.”, It was while Thailand was brokering reconciliation among Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia over certain disputes that it dawned on the four countries that the moment for regional cooperation had come or the future of the region would remain uncertain. It holds ASEAN Summits, where heads of governmentof each member states meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with countries outside the bloc to promot… 1968-1971: Minister for Labour. On 8 August 1967, five leaders – the Foreign Ministers of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – sat down together in the main hall of the Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok, Thailand and signed a document. Those were the Founding Fathers of Asean whose memory we honour today. But with goodwill and good humor, as often as they huddled at the negotiating table, they finessed their way through their differences as they lined up their shots on the golf course and traded wisecracks on one another’s game, a style of deliberation which would eventually become the ASEAN ministerial tradition. Of the five, only Dr Thanat Khoman at the age of 101 years old, is still with us today. This site uses cookies. It's the AstraZeneca vaccine's turn to be under the microscope. If we are not going to do that, then regionalism remains a utopia.”, S. Rajaratnam expressed the fear, however, that ASEAN would be misunderstood. ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances, dialogue partners and diplomatic missions, and is involved in numerous international affairs. The five founding fathers who gave birth to ASEAN were Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, Tharat Khoman of Thailand and S. Rajaratnam … With your meaningful insights, help shape the stories that can shape the country. He implemented tough labour laws to attempt to restore stability in the Singaporean economy and attracted multinational corporations to invest in Singapore. He spoke darkly of the forces that were arrayed against the survival of the countries of Southeast Asia in those uncertain and critical times. When ASEAN celebrated its 30th Anniversary in 1997, the sheaves on the logo had increased to ten – representing all ten countries of Southeast Asia and reflecting the colors of the flags of all of them. However, the Declaration of the Five Founding Fathers of ASEAN or kno wn as the ASEAN . These five wise men who served as foreign ministers of their respective countries worked very hard and fought all odds to finally give birth to ASEAN. The ASEAN's fundamental principles are: First, mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and internal identity of all nations; second, freedom from external interference of every state and freedom from subversion and coercion; third, settlement of differences in a peaceful manner; fourth, renunciation of threat and use of force; and fifth, effective cooperation among the member-nations. In particular, ASEAN youth leadership is at the forefront of efforts to combat the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic as young people have a pivotal role to play in limiting the epidemic and alleviating its effects on public health, community and the economy as a whole. The two-page Bangkok Declaration not only contains the rationale for the establishment of ASEAN and its specific objectives. But all Member Countries are deeply committed to resolving their differences through peaceful means and in the spirit of mutual accommodation. History of asean. Youth play a vital role in community building and represent the values envisaged by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN. Thus, after the preparatory talks among leaders from Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia (which used to compose the MAPHILINDO or Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia) as well as Thailand and Singapore, the representatives of the five countries met in Bangkok, Thailand, on August 8, 1967 and signed the ASEAN Declaration, otherwise known as the Bangkok Declaration, which is the organic document that gave birth to this regional organization of non-aligned nations. Angayng susihon sa Department of Health ug lokal nga mga opisyal ang lain nga di maayong timaan sa padayon nga pagdaghan sa bag-ong mga kaso sa COVID-19 sa Sugbo ug sa Central Visayas: Mas daghan ang na-ospital kay... No Cebuano among the 15 Supreme Court magistrates. In his speech, he conjured a vision of an ASEAN that would include all the countries of Southeast Asia. Rajaratnam was one of the five "founding fathers" of ASEAN in 1967. He must have had that in mind when, on that occasion, he said that the countries of Southeast Asia had no choice but to adjust to the exigencies of the time, to move toward closer cooperation and even integration. This is an important topic for the IA… The truth is that ASEAN was founded based on the collective fear among southeast Asian nations that the communist movement was gaining ground in the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Declaration of 1967 stated non-political aspects such as socio-economy, confiden ce-building . 1967: Rajaratnam was one of the five "founding fathers" of ASEAN. And unless they took decisive and collective action to prevent the eruption of intra-regional conflicts, the nations of Southeast Asia would remain susceptible to manipulation, one against another. How about the sidewalks? Copyright © 2021. China has given an assurance that it is not targeting the Philippines when it adopted a controversial law allowing the Chinese Coast Guard to fire on foreign vessels. Narciso Ramos, a journalist and five-term congressman from Pangasinan, was the father of President FVR and the late senator Letty Ramos Shahani. Livestream of the Launch of the ASEAN Integration Report 2019 By continuing to browse the site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. He was the Presidium’s point man in Indonesia’s efforts to mend fences with its neighbors in the wake of an unfortunate policy of confrontation. During ASEAN’s establishment in 1967, its founding fathers envisioned a regional institution of 10 countries in Southeast Asia. Razak was the second prime minister of Malaysia, and father of incumbent Prime Minister Najib Razak. The 5 foreign ministers who signed the ASEAN declaration were later considered the group's founding fathers. Elaborating on ASEAN objectives, he spoke of “building a new society that will be responsive to the needs of our time and efficiently equipped to bring about, for the enjoyment and the material as well as spiritual advancement of our peoples, conditions of stability and progress. The five original members of ASEAN were later joined by Brunei Darussalam on January 8, 1984, Vietnam on July 28, 1995, Laos Peoples Democratic Republic and Myanmar on July 23, 1997, and Cambodia, on April 30, 1999. And so in early August 1967, the five Foreign Ministers spent four days in the relative isolation of a beach resort in Bang Saen, a coastal town less than a hundred kilometers southeast of Bangkok. 1. Just as time, place and circumstances made the founding fathers of the U.S. government, almost without exception, men whose families came from the British Isles, the circumstances surrounding the founding of Hollywood also made the founders mostly of the same ethnic background and from the same geographical region. Rajaratnam was a journalist, statesman, and former deputy prime minister of Singapore. Now, with the rigors of negotiations and the informalities of Bang Saen behind them, with their signatures neatly attached to the ASEAN Declaration, also known as the Bangkok Declaration, it was time for some formalities. Sompong Sucharitkul, an aide of Thailand's then foreign minister Thanat Khoman, conveys Rajaratnam's stance on ASEAN membership for Sri Lanka in 1967: I remember one was an economics minister. ONE VISION - ONE IDENTITY - ONE COMMUNITY HISTORY OF ASEANASEAN was established on August 8, 1967.Foreign ministers of five countries (Thailand, Philippines,Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore) met at the ThaiDepartment of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok andsigned the ASEAN Declaration, more … Nevertheless, against all odds, the seed planted by Dr Thanat and the other founding fathers of Asean survived and became the platform for the eventual expansion of Asean to … It declared the establishment of an Association for Regional Cooperation among the Countries of Southeast Asia to be known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and spelled out the aims and purposes of that Association. If ASEAN would succeed, he said, then its members would have to marry national thinking with regional thinking. They were remembered by many here as a … The Philippines – under the Duterte administration – has so far filed a total of 60 diplomatic protests against China, including on its new law allowing its coast guard to fire on foreign vessels plying the disputed South China Sea, the Department of Foreign Affairs said in a report yesterday. With it comes a feeling of pride, but also a sense that we need to work harder in order to make the Founding Fathers… Inscribed on the memento presented to the Foreign Minister of Indonesia, was the citation, “In recognition of services rendered by His Excellency Adam Malik to the ASEAN organization, the name of which was suggested by him.”. “We the nations and peoples of Southeast Asia,” Tun Abdul Razak said, “must get together and form by ourselves a new perspective and a new framework for our region. In about three more weeks, Indonesia would fully restore diplomatic relations with Malaysia, and soon after that with Singapore. Philstar Global Corp. All Rights Reserved. “We must now think at two levels,” Rajaratnam said. The first to speak was the Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Narciso Ramos, a one-time journalist and long-time legislator who had given up a chance to be Speaker of the Philippine Congress to serve as one of his country’s first diplomats. Be the next internet rising star with Mi 11’s exciting camera modes, filters, Awaken the gamer in you with these new Vertux gaming accessories, Toyota Philippines gears up for Vios Cup and GR GT Cup 2021, DITO Telecommunity launches commercially in Visayas and Mindanao, Need to recover lost data? — Hebrews 11:27. It stipulated that the Association would be open for participation by all States in the Southeast Asian region subscribing to its aims, principles and purposes. Khoman was a Thai ambassador to the US, a learned diplomat and politician. Five other nations joined the ASEAN in subsequent years making the current membership to ten countries. For his part, S. Rajaratnam, a former Minister of Culture of multi-cultural Singapore who, at that time, served as its first Foreign Minister, noted that two decades of nationalist fervor had not fulfilled the expectations of the people of Southeast Asia for better living standards. There they negotiated over that document in a decidedly informal manner which they would later delight in describing as “sports-shirt diplomacy.” Yet it was by no means an easy process: each man brought into the deliberations a historical and political perspective that had no resemblance to that of any of the others. In a very real sense, ASEAN and Southeast Asia would then be one and the same, just as the Founding Fathers had envisioned. This, the Foreign Minister of Thailand, Thanat Khoman, stressed when it was his turn to speak. The United States takes its responsibilities to its treaty alliances including that with the Philippines “very seriously,” a Pentagon official said over the weekend. One of the “angry young men” in his country’s struggle for independence two decades earlier, Adam Malik was then 50 years old and one of a Presidium of five led by then General Soeharto that was steering Indonesia from the verge of economic and political chaos. And here he used a term that would have an ominous ring even today: balkanization. Founding Fathers of ASEAN:สมาชิกผู้ก่อตั้งอาเซียน สมาชิกผู้ร่วมก่อตั้งอาเซียนประกอบไปด้วยประเทศใดบ้าง It was a short, simply-worded document containing just five articles. Dr Sompong is known to have been one of the closest aides to Dr Thanat Khoman, Thailand's Foreign Minister (1958-1971), who was considered one of the founding fathers of ASEAN. Americans are turning Subic into a military base, making the Philippines vulnerable in case a war involving the United States breaks out, President Rodrigo Durerte said. We must make these painful and difficult adjustments. It had been barely 14 months since Thanat Khoman brought up the ASEAN idea in his conversations with his Malaysian and Indonesian colleagues. Rajaratnam was one of the five "founding fathers" of ASEAN in 1967 and helped to draw international attention to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1978. ESTABLISHMENT. He added that, “with the establishment of ASEAN, we have taken a firm and a bold step on that road”. Beneath the sheaves is the legend “ASEAN” in blue. These are set on a field of yellow encircled by a blue border. He was the last of the surviving “founding fathers” of ASEAN. “The fragmented economies of Southeast Asia,” he said, “(with) each country pursuing its own limited objectives and dissipating its meager resources in the overlapping or even conflicting endeavors of sister states carry the seeds of weakness in their incapacity for growth and their self-perpetuating dependence on the advanced, industrial nations. Against the backdrop of conflict in the then Indochina, the Founding Fathers had the foresight of building a community of and for all Southeast Asian states. Against the backdrop of conflict in the then Indochina, the Founding Fathers had the foresight of building a community of and for all Southeast Asian states. In addition, Singapore sent S. Rajaratnam, then Foreign Minister, to see me about joining the new set-up. Sompong Sucharitkul, an aide of Thailand's then foreign minister Thanat Khoman, conveys Rajaratnam's stance on ASEAN membership for Sri Lanka in 1967: Then Thanat Khoman concluded: “What we have decided today is only a small beginning of what we hope will be a long and continuous sequence of accomplishments of which we ourselves, those who will join us later and the generations to come, can be proud.
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